Every year, September 5th resonates with a special significance across India as we celebrate Teachers' Day. This day marks the birth anniversary of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a towering figure in Indian history – a distinguished philosopher, an eminent educationist, and the second President of India. Dr. Radhakrishnan dedicated his life to the pursuit and dissemination of knowledge, firmly believing that teachers are not just instructors, but sculptors of character, guides of destiny, and true nation-builders. On this auspicious occasion, let us delve into the remarkable journey of Dr. Radhakrishnan, understand his profound philosophy, and appreciate his visionary outlook on education and the indispensable role of teachers in society.
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: A Life of Intellectual Brilliance
Born on September 5, 1888, in Tiruttani, a small town in the erstwhile Madras Presidency (present-day Tamil Nadu), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan hailed from a humble yet cultured Brahmin family. His father, Sarvepalli Veeraswami, was a modest government official, and his mother, Sitaamma, was a devout homemaker. Despite their modest financial circumstances, the importance of education was deeply ingrained in their household. Radhakrishnan's childhood was simple, but his mind harbored an insatiable thirst for knowledge and learning.
He received his primary education at a mission school in Tirupati, followed by studies at Voorhees College in Vellore, where he displayed early signs of his intellectual prowess. He then pursued his higher education in philosophy at the Madras Christian College, earning both his bachelor's and master's degrees. In 1906, he completed his M.A. with a thesis titled 'The Ethics of the Vedanta,' a work that explored the moral values inherent in Indian philosophy, setting the stage for his future philosophical pursuits. His education was largely supported by scholarships and the assistance of relatives, a testament to his determination and hard work in overcoming financial hurdles.
From a young age, he cultivated a deep love for reading and contemplation. He would spend countless hours in libraries, immersing himself in books on diverse subjects. His thoughts were profoundly influenced by Indian philosophy, particularly the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the teachings of Gautam Buddha. He also thoroughly studied Western philosophy, skillfully synthesizing these two major intellectual traditions to develop his unique philosophical perspective, which permeated his later life and work.
Radhakrishnan's personality was a rare blend of humility, simplicity, and immense wisdom. He was not merely a scholar but a sensitive individual deeply concerned with societal progress and human values. His charismatic presence and profound insights quickly established him as a revered figure in the world of education and philosophy.
Contributions as an Educationist and Philosopher
Dr. Radhakrishnan's journey in the field of education is truly inspiring. He began his professional career in 1909 as a Professor of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College. Later, in 1918, he joined Mysore University as a Professor of Philosophy. It was during his tenure in Mysore that he penned several significant articles, and his reputation as a scholar began to spread widely. In 1921, he was appointed to the highly prestigious King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta, a clear recognition of his scholarship and merit.
In Calcutta, he delivered numerous lectures on Indian philosophy, captivating audiences with his eloquent articulation. His lectures were a harmonious blend of Indian cultural insights and Western philosophical thought. In 1926, he had the opportunity to represent the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire. The same year, he delivered an influential address on Indian philosophy at the International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University, introducing the profound depth of Indian thought to the Western world.
His most significant contribution lies in his effective representation of Indian philosophy and culture on the global stage. In 1936, he was appointed as a Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University, becoming the first Indian to hold such a distinguished position. During his time at Oxford, he elucidated the profundity and universality of Indian thought, significantly altering the Western academic perspective on Indian philosophy.
Dr. Radhakrishnan authored several seminal works that continue to serve as essential texts for philosophy students today. His two-volume 'Indian Philosophy' is considered a comprehensive and scholarly exposition of Indian philosophical traditions. Other notable works include 'The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore,' 'The Hindu View of Life,' 'An Idealist View of Life,' and 'East and West in Religion.' Through these writings, he championed Advaita Vedanta, advocated for respect among all religions, and promoted spiritual humanism.
According to his philosophy, education is not merely a means of gathering information but a path to self-realization and character formation. He consistently emphasized moral values and spiritual development. In his view, education not only equips an individual with a livelihood but also transforms them into a better human being capable of contributing meaningfully to society and the nation. His work elevated Indian philosophy and education to international recognition.
Journey to Presidency and Honoring Teachers
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's journey in public life was equally remarkable. After achieving immense success in education and philosophy, he played a crucial role in India's political landscape. From 1949 to 1952, he served as India's Ambassador to the Soviet Union (now Russia). During this period, he significantly contributed to improving relations between India and the Soviet Union, earning the respect of Soviet leaders through his diplomacy and impressive personality.
In 1952, he was elected as the first Vice President of India. He successfully held this position for ten years, from 1952 to 1962, also serving as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of the Indian Parliament). During his tenure, he actively participated in many critical decision-making processes and contributed to the nation's development. His scholarship, calm demeanor, and foresight made him popular across all political spectrums.
In 1962, following the completion of India's first President, Dr. Rajendra Prasad's term, Dr. Radhakrishnan was elected as the second President of India. During his presidency (1962-1967), he further strengthened the democratic values and constitutional traditions of the country. India faced several challenges during his tenure, including the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Even during these difficult times, he provided ethical guidance and moral support to the nation.
The Story of Teachers' Day: When Dr. Radhakrishnan became President in 1962, some of his students and friends approached him, requesting to celebrate his birthday with grandeur. Dr. Radhakrishnan, with his characteristic humility and wisdom, responded with a profound idea. He said, "Instead of celebrating my birthday individually, it would be my proud privilege if September 5th is observed as Teachers' Day, honoring all teachers." Inspired by his noble thoughts, September 5th has been celebrated as 'Teachers' Day' in India ever since.
This gesture was not merely a formality but a genuine tribute to the invaluable contribution of teachers to society. Dr. Radhakrishnan always regarded teachers as the pillars of society. His famous quote underscores this belief:
"Teachers are those who help us on the right path and help us succeed in life. They are the real builders of the nation."This event initiated a tradition of expressing gratitude towards every teacher in the country, alongside honoring Dr. Radhakrishnan himself. This day serves as a reminder of the sacrifice, hard work, and selfless service rendered by teachers.
Radhakrishnan's Vision for Education and the Importance of Teachers
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's vision for education was expansive and far-sighted. In his view, the objective of education should not be limited to merely imparting information or preparing students for jobs. Education should foster the holistic development of an individual, encompassing physical, mental, intellectual, moral, and spiritual aspects. He consistently emphasized character building and the teaching of ethical values.
According to him, "Education is about 'making a human being'." An educated person is not just knowledgeable but also sensitive, responsible, and ethical. Education should cultivate critical thinking, creativity, and curiosity in students. Students should not merely memorize textbook knowledge but be inspired to ask questions, propose new ideas, and view the world from a broader perspective.
Dr. Radhakrishnan placed special emphasis on the role of teachers, calling them 'nation-builders.' In his opinion, teachers are not just disseminators of knowledge but also role models for students. Teachers should continuously update themselves, acquire new knowledge, and embody ethical values in their own lives. It is teachers who ignite the flame of knowledge in the minds of students. Teachers should not only teach from books but also impart life lessons, nurture their hidden talents, and help them become good citizens.
He consistently advocated for teachers to receive due respect and recognition in society. He believed that if teachers do not hold a respectable position in society, the quality of education declines, and the nation's future is jeopardized. Teachers should receive fair salaries, adequate facilities, and a conducive working environment to perform their duties more effectively.
Radhakrishnan also stressed reforms in the education system. He stated that education should be a means to lead one to the ultimate truth of life, helping individuals understand themselves and the world better. He urged for the Indian education system to move beyond Western influences and be based on Indian culture and values. His vision for education continues to serve as a guiding philosophy for our education system even today.
September 5th: A Day of Reflection, Not Just Celebration
Today, September 5, 2026, as we celebrate Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's 138th birth anniversary and Teachers' Day, it is important to remember that this day is not merely about honoring teachers or exchanging gifts. It is a day for deep reflection on Radhakrishnan's thoughts and the core values of education. This day reminds us that the dissemination of knowledge and the cultivation of character are the cornerstones of any nation's progress.
September 5th is also recognized for several other significant events. Across India, Gopalkala (Dahi Handi) is celebrated with great enthusiasm, symbolizing the childhood antics and unity associated with Lord Krishna. Also, Shri Goga Navami, a festival dedicated to the worship of snake deities, falls on this day. Globally, it is observed as International Charity Day, aiming to commemorate the philanthropic work of Mother Teresa and promote acts of charity. This day also marks the remembrance day of the renowned Indian architect, Achyut Kanvinde, and journalist Gauri Lankesh. For the Indian Navy, it marks the commissioning of INS Sahyadri, a symbol of India's naval strength. While these diverse events highlight the broader significance of September 5th, the glorification of teachers remains the central essence of the day.
Adhering to the ideals set forth by Dr. Radhakrishnan is the greatest challenge of our times. Students should express gratitude towards their teachers and respect their guidance. Teachers, in turn, should be mindful of their responsibilities, striving not just to complete the syllabus but to foster the holistic development of students, instilling in them the importance of moral and social values.
In today's digital age, while the tools of education have evolved, the role of the teacher remains as crucial as ever. Technology can provide information, but the human touch, inspiration, and guidance can only come from a teacher. Radhakrishnan's ideas are still relevant for guiding our education system in the right direction. His foresight reminds us that only an educated and ethical society can build a strong and prosperous nation.
Did You Know?
- In 1954, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was awarded India's highest civilian honor, the 'Bharat Ratna.'
- He was never actively involved in politics, yet he ascended to the highest office of the country, which speaks volumes about his intellect and universal acceptability.
- He was the first Indian to be appointed as a Professor of 'Eastern Religions and Ethics' at Oxford University.
- During his presidency, the doors of Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace) were open to common people, and he often interacted with them.
- Dr. Radhakrishnan extensively studied the philosophies of Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore and was deeply influenced by them.
Conclusion
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was not just the second President of India; he was a visionary educationist, a profound philosopher, and a source of inspiration for humanity. His life journey, his contributions to education, and his thoughts on the role of teachers continue to guide us. Celebrating September 5th as 'Teachers' Day' is a beautiful opportunity to express our gratitude towards him and to rekindle his ideals.
By following the path he illuminated, every student should pursue knowledge with devotion, and every teacher should contribute their best to shape the nation's future. Adhering to Dr. Radhakrishnan's principles is the true tribute to him, and through this, a strong, ethical, and educated India will be built.
